Restarting Ubuntu

1. Open the Terminal application by searching for “Terminal” in the Activities menu or by pressing Ctrl + Alt + T on your keyboard.
2. Type the following command in the Terminal and press Enter: sudo reboot
3. Enter your user password and press Enter. Note that you will not be able to see the password as you type it, so type carefully!
4. The system will now initiate a restart process and close all running applications. You can track the progress of the restart in the Terminal.

Shutting down Ubuntu

1. Open the Terminal application by searching for “Terminal” in the Activities menu or by pressing Ctrl + Alt + T on your keyboard.
2. Type the following command in the Terminal and press Enter: sudo shutdown -h now
3. Enter your user password and press Enter. Note that you will not be able to see the password as you type it, so type carefully!
4. The system will now initiate a shutdown process and close all running applications. You can track the progress of the shutdown in the Terminal.

Alternatively, you can use the graphical user interface (GUI) to restart or shut down Ubuntu:

1. Click on the power icon in the top right corner of the screen.
2. If you want to restart the system, click on the circular arrow icon next to the “Restart” option. If you want to shut down the system, click on the power button icon next to the “Power Off” option.
3. A confirmation dialog will appear asking if you really want to restart or shut down the system. Click on “Restart” or “Power Off” to confirm.
4. The system will now initiate the restart or shutdown process and close all running applications. You can track the progress of the process in the system notifications.